That a scientific revolution may begin byand in psychology is beginning to gain ground54. Valter Roman considers that in psychology "one expects a fairly important qualitative leap, which has been unduly ignored. The question at stake refers to the decoding of creative processes"55. One such approach is to study the modes of brain functioning in its intuitive play, which is recognized in modern science as being paramount. Assuming that some of the procedures examined by Ornstein and Deikman are objective reflections, it results that intuition might psychologically range between the ordinary mode of brain functioning, referred to as the action mode, and a less frequent mode in the Western culture, which Deikman termed as the receptive mode. Deikman is more consistent in terms of scientific standards than Ornstein. The receptive mode springs from the mystic, largely Asian, experience: "To study the mystic experience some must turn initially to material that appears unscientific, is couched in religious terms, and seems completely subjective"56.

Observing that the receptive mode developedunder a theological paradigm, which is employed in order to interpretand organize such an experience, Deikman chooses a scientificinterpretation, accounting for the mystic experience by "attentional mechanisms in perception and cognition"57, by a deautomatization of the psychological structures, hence of the mental structures in themselves. He shows that like experiences do not prove that God or a transcendental reality, exist. Much to the contrary, "the available scientific data tend to support the standpoint that the mystic experience is aform of internal perception"58. To Deikman, the mystic practice is just one of the ways to breed the receptive mode. If taken apart from mysticism, the receptive mode is "a mature cognitive and perceptual state, one that is not ordinarily dominant, but is an option that has developed in richness and subtlety in parallel with the development of the action mode that is our customary state of consciousness"59.

Deikman holds that the receptive mode is not a state to act upon the environment. It is a state to intake the environment, being biologically related rather to the sense-perceptual system, to the parasympathic functions. Under such a state, the encephalogram tends to alpha waves. Relying on the evidence furnished by hosts of earlier research works, he holds that this mode is first at play in the child, providing actually the first states allowing for a comprehensive "intake" of the environment, and that subsequently the action mode is beginning to predominate since this mode ensures biological survival. In the receptive mode, it is the sensorial, and by no means the verbal, which predominates. The fact that we eliminate the verbal is not tantamount to saying that we have another receptive mode, since we have seen that there exists also a non-verbal rationality when we deal with images geometrically or by a physical sense. However, we have already seen that we cannot say that no symbolism or no particularly special speech is at play in the nonverbal mode. To think in a speech does not necessarily mean to use words60. To Benjamin Lee Whorf, "the linguistic order embraces any symbolism"61. If by the receptive mode we may come to a certain knowledge of something, if that something has a certain order, then this must be subject to a certain mathematics and, hence, a linguistics, even if these may be entirely new. Benjamin Lee Whorf alleges that there exists a law-formation zone. He assumes this to be a multidimensional space, which science has to illuminate. In this space, multiple relations, involving also systematic structures of the speech kind, would be at play, in forms akin to mathematics and music62. Nevertheless, Deikman avoids to admit of a law-formation zone. He gives no prospects of the kind furnished in the Experiment of Consciousness to justify man's action under the "receptive mode", which is fairly distinct from the action mode. The two modes cannot be taken for human activity and human passivity, respectively. How could we know that the receptive mode precludes action ? It would be better if the action mode were referred to as the openness mode (towards the universe, and thenceforth to the profundities of the material world). The receptive mode would be better called the intro-openness mode (towards the profundities of the material world).

In certain situations, the two modes cannot be set apart. In this respect Deikman observes that while working in the garden, one functions in the action mode only inasmuch as it is necessary for gardening, but the receptive mode may be prevailing.
Our "open", mechanical thought must in all likelihood be supplemented by an "intro-open", rather informational thought. The two "openness" and "into-openness" modes might represent two complementary ways to approach and understand the material world. These ways should correspond to both our open and intro-open system features. In-between these ways ranges intuition as a linking unit. Let us also note that our scientific intuition might be rooted in such a receptive mode.
For how else can we explain that Nikola Tesla63 solved the problem of the revolving magnetic field, which is nowadays the fundamental of modern electronic machines, while he was strolling in the street and was reciting one of his colleague's poem from memory ?

Deikman observed that "Accounts of the process of creative synthesis show several distinct stages: first a stage of directed intellectual attack on the problem leading to a feeling of impasse, then the stage of 'giving up', in which the person stops struggling with the problem and turns his attention to other things. During this unfocused rest period the solution to the problem manifests itself as an 'Aha!' or 'Eureka!' experience - the answer is suddenly there of itself. The final stage sees a return of directed intellectual activity as the 'answer' is worked over to assess its validity of fit with the object world. In terms of the mode model, the first stage is one in which the action mode is used, followed by the receptive mode, in which the creative leap is made, followed by a return to the action mode to integrate the discovery with the object world"64.
The receptive mode presupposes the deautomatization of the intellectual states, which is tantamount to letting things occur rather than make them to occur. This is also called "passive volition" state65.

Let us now examine the results of the receptivemode in the range of spontaneous mystical experiments andin several experiments made to this aim. We shall refer to thedata compendiarized by Dickman66. The general psychological context of the receptive mode is a perceptual concentration which inhibits the use of attention for abstract categories and verbal and non-verbal thought. Hence, the discursive analytical thought is blocked and the mind is emptied of anything save for one perception alone (an object, a part of the body, an incantation). The thought is assumed to be in immediate perceptual contact with a reality. This mode is considered to be "primitive"67 if referred to analytical thought, and is obtained either by longstanding mystic practices, either by certain drugs (LSD). However, this may also arise spontaneously while listening to music or upon contemplation of a natural landscape or under some abnormal psychological states (schizopherenia).


Towards a Science of Law Formation Zone 41